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<title>Unix security</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unix security</span></span>

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<p><b>Unix security</b> refers to the means of <a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">securing</a> a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> or <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_concepts">Design concepts</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permissions">Permissions</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system permissions</a></div>

<p>A core security feature in these systems is the <a href="File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">file system permissions</a>. All files in a typical <a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a> have permissions set enabling different access to a file. <a href="Unix_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix permissions">Unix permissions</a> permit different users access to a file with different privilege (e.g., reading, writing, execution). Like users, different <i>user groups</i> have different permissions on a file.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_groups">User groups</h3></div>

<p>Many Unix implementations add an additional layer of security by requiring that a user be a member of the <i><a href="Wheel_(computing)" title="Wheel (computing)">wheel</a></i> <a href="Group_identifier_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group identifier (Unix)">user privileges group</a> in order to access the <code>su</code> command.<sup id="cite_ref-levi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_access">Root access</h3></div>

<p>Most Unix and Unix-like systems have an account or group which enables a user to exact complete control over the system, often known as a <a href="Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> account. If access to this account is gained by an unwanted user, this results in a complete breach of the system. A root account however is necessary for administrative purposes, and for the above security reasons the root account is <i>seldom</i> used for day to day purposes (the <a href="Sudo" title="Sudo">sudo</a> program is more commonly used), so usage of the root account can be more closely monitored.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_and_administrative_techniques">User and administrative techniques</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passwords">Passwords</h3></div>

<p>Selecting strong <a href="Password" title="Password">passwords</a> and guarding them properly are important for Unix security.

</p><p>On many UNIX systems, user and password information, if stored locally, can be found in the <a href="Passwd" title="Passwd"><code>/etc/passwd</code></a> and <code>/etc/shadow</code> file pair.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_maintenance">Software maintenance</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patching">Patching</h3></div>

<p>Operating systems, like all software, may contain bugs in need of fixing or may be enhanced with the addition of new features; many UNIX systems come with a package manager for this. Patching the operating system in a secure manner requires that the software come from a trustworthy source and not have been altered since it was packaged. Common methods for verifying that operating system patches have not been altered include the use of the <a href="Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> of a <a href="Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">cryptographic hash</a>, such as a <a href="SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a> based checksum, or the use of read-only media.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viruses_and_virus_scanners">Viruses and virus scanners</h2></div>

<p>There are viruses and worms that target Unix-like operating systems. In fact, the first computer worm—the <a href="Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a>—targeted Unix systems.

</p><p>There are <a href="Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">virus scanners</a> for UNIX-like systems, from <a href="Comparison_of_antivirus_software" title="Comparison of antivirus software">multiple vendors</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firewalls">Firewalls</h2></div>

<p><a href="Network_firewall" class="mw-redirect" title="Network firewall">Network firewall</a> protects systems and networks from network threats which exist on the opposite side of the firewall. Firewalls can block access to strictly internal services, unwanted users and in some cases filter network traffic by content.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="iptables">iptables</h3></div>

<p><a href="Iptables" title="Iptables">iptables</a> is the current user interface for interacting with <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel <a href="Netfilter" title="Netfilter">netfilter</a> functionality. It replaced <a href="Ipchains" title="Ipchains">ipchains</a>. Other <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> like operating systems may provide their own native functionality and other <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> firewall products exist.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLevi2002" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Bozidar (2002). <i>UNIX Administration: A Comprehensive Sourcebook for Effective Systems and Network Management</i>. CRC Press. p. 207. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8493-1351-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div>

<ul><li><i>Practical UNIX and Internet Security,</i> Simson Garfinkel and Gene Spafford, O'Reilly & Associates, 2003.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/UNIX_Computing_Security" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:UNIX Computing Security">UNIX Computing Security</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Unix_security" class="extiw external" title="v:Unix security">Unix security</a></b></i></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsm.fordham.edu/~moniot/Classes/InternetWebF00/unix-security/unix-security.html"><i>The Unix Security Model for web server administration</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004152353/http://www.dsm.fordham.edu/~moniot/Classes/InternetWebF00/unix-security/unix-security.html">Archived</a> 2006-10-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Robert K. Moniot 2000</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971211054350/http://www.alw.nih.gov/Security/Docs/network-security.html"><i>An Architectural Overview of UNIX Network Security</i></a> Robert B. Reinhardt 1993</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010815023702/http://andercheran.aiind.upv.es/toni/unix/index_en.html">Unix security papers</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li>

<li><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li>

<li><a href="DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>

<ul><li><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li>

<li><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li>

<li><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li>

<li><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li>

<li><a href="BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li>

<li><a href="Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li>

<li><a href="LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li>

<li><a href="SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br>layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li>

<li><a href="UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li>

<li><a href="UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Unix_security&oldid=1273472496">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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